Reaction Paper Related on Business Communication Essay Example for Free

Reaction Paper Related on Business Communication Essay Further, to fully use new pedagogical possibilities offered by ICT, profound changes in managers conceptions of learning and knowledge are required. Technical expertise alone is not sufficient for exploiting new pedagogical possibilities provided by ICT; insofar as ICT is used in the educational system as a purely technical innovation, it is not likely that significant pedagogical progress will be achieved. Several cognitive researchers (e. g. , Salomon, 1997; Salomon ; Perkins, 1996; Scardamalia ; Bereiter, 1994) have pointed out that many applications of educational technology support only lower-level processing of knowledge. Yet new pedagogical models of using educational technology, and particularly computer-supported collaborative learning environments, promise to provide new opportunities for solving pedagogical problems in the schools. Scardamalia and Bereiter (1994; in press), and others, have proposed that to meet the future challenges, schools be transformed into communities where productive working for advancing communal knowledge is a primary goal of both students and managers. Knowledge building refers to a process of advancing understanding by setting up, articulating, and answering research questions, searching and exploring information, and generating and evaluating explanations. In the present study, the sustained processes of advancing and building of knowledge characteristic of scientific inquiry and knowledge-creating organizations are called progressive inquiry. Several, concurrent, cognitive research projects share a common goal of fostering such research-like processes of inquiry in education.

The Impact of Technology on Education Essay -- Education Learning Essa

The Impact of Technology on Education Technology has greatly affected and impacted the way things are presented and taught in the classroom. Technology has had a large impact on the materials that are used and the way we use these materials to teach in the schools. Most everything that is used in today’s classroom has been a result of technology. All materials, including textbooks and the Internet, have been invented and have had some connection to the growth of technology in the school setting. There are many advances in technology that are now used in the classroom and have been very beneficial to the teaching process. For example, the invention of the printing press allowed textbooks to be mass-produced, which made them more readily available to all (Anderson 46). Schools could now have multiple copies of the text and would not have to go through the trouble of teaching the material without the children seeing it for themselves. The printing press made reading books and novels a way for everyone to become educated, not just children. Over time, other inventions of technology have grown rapidly and have become very useful in the educational classroom (Fisher 13). Technologies, such as typewriters and eventually computers and copy machines, have helped further advance the speed and sometimes quality of the teaching materials. The typewriter was the start of a personal printing device that allowed both teachers and students to present their work in neat, le gible form. Recently, the computer has allowed for even better printing quality and more educational programs. Now, especially with the Internet, there is increased communication and new methods of research being conducted. The Effec... ...r research. While sometimes these sources are not reliable, computers crash and there is junk on the Internet, overall, these technologies contribute a positive glow in the realm of education. As a Christian, I believe that the technologies in the education system have been a tremendous success and are very effective in their purposes. They help save time and also expand the learning environment to communicate to more people more effectively. Works Cited and Consulted Education and Technology : reflections on computing in classrooms. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1996. Special education technology : classroom applications. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1993. Technology in American education 1650-1900. Washington: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare Office of Education, 1963.

The Impact of Technology on Education Essay -- Education Learning Essa

The Impact of Technology on Education Technology has greatly affected and impacted the way things are presented and taught in the classroom. Technology has had a large impact on the materials that are used and the way we use these materials to teach in the schools. Most everything that is used in today’s classroom has been a result of technology. All materials, including textbooks and the Internet, have been invented and have had some connection to the growth of technology in the school setting. There are many advances in technology that are now used in the classroom and have been very beneficial to the teaching process. For example, the invention of the printing press allowed textbooks to be mass-produced, which made them more readily available to all (Anderson 46). Schools could now have multiple copies of the text and would not have to go through the trouble of teaching the material without the children seeing it for themselves. The printing press made reading books and novels a way for everyone to become educated, not just children. Over time, other inventions of technology have grown rapidly and have become very useful in the educational classroom (Fisher 13). Technologies, such as typewriters and eventually computers and copy machines, have helped further advance the speed and sometimes quality of the teaching materials. The typewriter was the start of a personal printing device that allowed both teachers and students to present their work in neat, le gible form. Recently, the computer has allowed for even better printing quality and more educational programs. Now, especially with the Internet, there is increased communication and new methods of research being conducted. The Effec... ...r research. While sometimes these sources are not reliable, computers crash and there is junk on the Internet, overall, these technologies contribute a positive glow in the realm of education. As a Christian, I believe that the technologies in the education system have been a tremendous success and are very effective in their purposes. They help save time and also expand the learning environment to communicate to more people more effectively. Works Cited and Consulted Education and Technology : reflections on computing in classrooms. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1996. Special education technology : classroom applications. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1993. Technology in American education 1650-1900. Washington: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare Office of Education, 1963.

The Impact of Technology on Education Essay -- Education Learning Essa

The Impact of Technology on Education Technology has greatly affected and impacted the way things are presented and taught in the classroom. Technology has had a large impact on the materials that are used and the way we use these materials to teach in the schools. Most everything that is used in today’s classroom has been a result of technology. All materials, including textbooks and the Internet, have been invented and have had some connection to the growth of technology in the school setting. There are many advances in technology that are now used in the classroom and have been very beneficial to the teaching process. For example, the invention of the printing press allowed textbooks to be mass-produced, which made them more readily available to all (Anderson 46). Schools could now have multiple copies of the text and would not have to go through the trouble of teaching the material without the children seeing it for themselves. The printing press made reading books and novels a way for everyone to become educated, not just children. Over time, other inventions of technology have grown rapidly and have become very useful in the educational classroom (Fisher 13). Technologies, such as typewriters and eventually computers and copy machines, have helped further advance the speed and sometimes quality of the teaching materials. The typewriter was the start of a personal printing device that allowed both teachers and students to present their work in neat, le gible form. Recently, the computer has allowed for even better printing quality and more educational programs. Now, especially with the Internet, there is increased communication and new methods of research being conducted. The Effec... ...r research. While sometimes these sources are not reliable, computers crash and there is junk on the Internet, overall, these technologies contribute a positive glow in the realm of education. As a Christian, I believe that the technologies in the education system have been a tremendous success and are very effective in their purposes. They help save time and also expand the learning environment to communicate to more people more effectively. Works Cited and Consulted Education and Technology : reflections on computing in classrooms. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1996. Special education technology : classroom applications. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1993. Technology in American education 1650-1900. Washington: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare Office of Education, 1963.

Los Angeles Rams Football Club V. Cannon

Los Angeles Rams Football Club v. Cannon 185 F. Supp. 717 (S. D. Cal. 1960) Plaintiff prays for an injunction to restrain defendant playing football or engaging in related activities for anyone other than the plaintiff without the plaintiff’s consent during the term of a contract or contracts allegedly entered into by the parties on November 30, 1959, and an order declaring the existence of a valid written contract or contracts. Defendant denies he ever entered into a contract or contracts as alleged and further claims, as defenses to plaintiff’s claims, fourteen affirmative defenses.Cannon never formally accepted the contract offered, therefore it is only an offer. The Commissioner never signed the contract so this makes not valid. There did not come into existence a valid written contract or contracts binding upon plaintiff and defendant there is no basis upon which to consider plaintiff’s claims for equitable relief or defendant’s affirmative defenses i n opposition thereto. Specifically, therefore, I make no findings as to the issues of fraud and deceit, or any other of the equitable issues raised by defendant’s affirmative defenses.Judgment will be for defendant, with costs†¦. Sample v. Gotham Football Club, Inc. 59 F. R. D. 160 (S. D. N. Y. 1973) Defendant is the owner and operator of a professional football team popularly known as the â€Å"New York Jets. † On September 1, 1968, it entered into three separately executed written agreements with plaintiff under which plaintiff was required to render services as a professional football player for the 1968, 1969 and 1970 football seasons. Each document represents the agreement between plaintiff and defendant for a different year.The current dispute only pertains to the contracts covering the 1969 and 1970 football seasons. The New York court of appeals has stated that when the terms of a written contract are clear and unambiguous the intent of the parties must be ascertained from the language used to express such intent. Plaintiff argues that an injury was sustained during the performance of a three-year contract he is entitled to his salary for the remaining term of the contract. Defendant argues that they were three separate one year contract and would only be liable to pay for the season the injury took place.After determining that the exercise of the option clause had the effect of creating a new contract with the plaintiff, the Fifth Circuit concluded: [I]t follows that Hennigan was not entitled to compensation for the 1967 football season from the Chargers. He suffered no injury while in the performance of any services required of him after the option was exercised. Consequently, he is not entitled to payment under paragraph 15 (the injury provision) The result reached above concerning Sample’s second claim is thus on all fours with Hennigan.Reviewing the dispositions, the court denies plaintiff’s cross-motion for summar y judgment on both its first and second causes of action†¦. Eckles v. Sharman 548 F. 2d 905 (10th Cir. 1977) This is an action by the owner of a professional basketball team for breach of contract by a former coach and for the inducement of that breach by the owner of another professional basketball team. Judgment was entered on a jury verdict for $250,000 against the coach and for $175,000 against the inducing owner.We reverse and remand with directions. We have repeatedly held that a verdict may not be directed unless the evidence all points one way and is susceptible of no reasonable inference which sustain the position of the party against whom the motion is made†¦. On the record presented it may not be said, as a matter of law, that the option and pension clauses were unessential and hence severable. Neither can it be said, as a matter of law, that without the resolution of the controversy ver those clauses Sharman agreed to the assignment of the contract to the owner s of the Utah Stars. The pertinent intent questions required factual determination by the jury under proper instructions. The court erred in directing a verdict against Sharman and in favor of Mountain States on the liability issue. The judgments are severally reversed and the case is remanded for a new trial in accordance with this opinion. National Football League Players Ass’n v. National Football League Management Council 233 Cal. Rptr. 147 (Cal. Ct. App. 1986The Raiders and Management council content that the arbitrator exceeded his powers in that he made an error in law by failing to apply the doctrine of mitigation of damages. They further content that the award violates public policy and that the award was incorrectly calculated. We affirm the judgment. Pastorini’s dispute with the Raiders clearly falls within the ambit of section 301(a) of the labor Management Relations Act, which pertains to â€Å"suits for violation of contracts between an employer and a la bor organization representing employees in an industry affecting commerce†¦. Therefore, we must apply federal substantive law†¦. However; we may also rely on the state law if it is compatible with the purposes of federal law†¦. We conclude that offset is inapplicable in the instant case and that the arbitrator did not make an error of law. This court may reverse the arbitrator’s award only if there is a manifest disregard of the agreement, totally unsupported by principles of contract construction†¦. No such manifest disregard appears in the instant case. The judgment is affirmed.Alabama Football, Inc. v. Stabler 319 So. 2d 678 (Ala. 1975) Stabler filed a complaint on December 4, 1974, seeking a declaratory judgment and other relief, contending that the defendant had breached its contract with Stabler by failing to pay the balance due in 1974 under the contract between the parties; that the terms of the contract prohibited him from negotiating a contract w ith any other professional football club; and that irreparable damage would result to him if the contract was not held to be null and void.After a hearing, the trail court entered its judgment on January 6, 1975, holding that the contract between Stabler and Alabama Football, Inc. had been breached by Alabama Football, Inc. and that Stabler was free from any obligation under any terms of the contract. Since there was substantial evidence from which the trail court could have concluded that appellant was unable to perform its contract with Stabler, we find no basis for reversal on this point†¦.

The Objectives Of Learning Mobile Electronic Commerce

The objectives of learning Mobile Electronic Commerce are: †¢ To view new and existing Opportunities in MEC. †¢ To understand the nature oforganizations as open systems and reasons for implementing and utilizing e-Commerce. †¢ Modifications that needs to take place in the organizations to effectively implement MEC. †¢ Role of Performance Management in improvingorganization’s performance in e-commerce. †¢ Importance of Customer Orientation in MEC. †¢ Operational and Strategic Outcomesof MEC in order to achieve Customer Orientation and Organizational Strategic Competitive Advantage. The Mobile Electronic Commerce environment is a competitive environment and it is based on digital technologies, strategies, and competitive methods. Enhancing the†¦show more content†¦Through the adoption ofsome sort of the digital approach this can be possible. Such approach includes the applications ofm-commerce and e-commerce, aimed at the customer. The potential benefits ofdigital-based strategicapproaches of m-commerce and e-commerce have not been questioned. Achieving such benefits has a concern among current practicing managers and scholars alike. The rush to join the e-crowd have made many organizations utilize a me-too approach to the implementation of m-commerce and e-commerce. These organizations lack the systematic and integrated strategy needed to realize the potential benefits ofdigital technologies. These organizations do not have a complete, well-integrated digital strategy. A piecemeal approach, coupled with me-too orientation will result in anineffective implementation of strategic e-solutions, such as m-commerce and e-commerce. This leads to investing in attractive technologies without having well defined strategy to use such technologies strategically. This approach to implement digital-based technologies, such as m-commerce and e-commerce, is bound to fail, as it lacks the strategic focus needed to support the customer orientation. To avoid wasting resources and efforts, organizations must approach the process of implementation and utilization ofthese technologies strategically and systematically. This process must contains a well-defined,

What are the likely effects of fracking on global energy security - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2596 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Energy Industry Essay Type Cause and effect essay Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is a novel method for extracting oil and natural gas that involves injecting highly pressurised water, sand and chemicals into shale rock deep beneath the Earths surface (Sica 2015; Holloway Rudd 2013, p.xi). Commercially viable fracking techniques have been honed over the past two decades in the USA, and have proved to be an effective means by which difficult to reach resources of oil and gas can be exploited (BBC News 2013). Fracking is generally agreed to have had a dramatic effect on the price of fossil fuels, leading some to declare a fracking revolution (Ruhl 2013). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What are the likely effects of fracking on global energy security?" essay for you Create order The Brookings Institute estimates that average US gas prices in 2013 were 47% lower than they would have been without fracking. This means that, overall, consumers of gas saved approximately $13 Billion in the period between 2007 and 2013 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a figure that is increasing exponentially as production of fracked fuel increases (Dews 2015). As fracking was pioneered in the USA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a market recently described by McDonald (2014) as account[ing] for practically all of the worlds commercial production à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this paper will base its outlook on the impact of fracking on US energy security. We will begin by looking at the potential opportunities presented by fracking, then turn to the domestic challenges before considering the global impact, which will be split into a critique of the geopolitics and an assessment of the environmental factors raised by the technique. The potential of fracking The United States Energy Information Agency estimates that there are approximately 7229 trillion cubic feet of recoverable shale gas reserves globally (EIA-ARI 2013). This figure is likely to increase significantly, given that during this study, the EIA surveyed just 46 regions in 41 separate countries (p.1). For comparison, the Oil and Gas Journals 2012 Worldwide look at Reserves and Production put the total figure of proven recoverable conventional gas reserves at 7074 trillion cubic feet; a figure already smaller than the potential of shale gas, and one that is likely to be dwarfed as further shale exploration yields new gas fields. Although commentators such as Inman (2014) have called the predicted size of potential reserves of shale gas into question, the potential for independent energy production is obvious, and has already been hinted at by the American experience. Between 2005 and 2013, the USA reduced net imports from 10.9 billion cubic feet of natural gas, to just 4. 8 billion cubic feet. Over the same period, the wholesale price of gas collapsed from a high of $8.79 to a low of $3.71. Some experts expect the USA to become a net exporter of natural gas as soon as 2018 (Oil and Energy Trends 2013). Chief economist and Vice President of BP, Christof Ruhl (2013), predicts that, in a short space of time, the USA will also replace Saudi Arabia as the worlds largest energy producer. Although turbulence in the price of gas is not solely down to increased supply (and is presently exacerbated by a global economic slowdown), fracking has two important benefits for the energy security of countries with reserves of shale gas: They are insulated from fluctuations in global price such as those found between 2005 2013; and The risk of sudden, unexpected geopolitical events impacting on supply is greatly mitigated. Similar potential benefits are open to other nations with reserves of shale gas, which perhaps explains why countries such as the United Kingdom, which could supply its entire gas needs for the next 50 years by extracting just 10% of its estimated reserves, are so keen to expand their onshore fracking activities (Cooper, Stamford Azapagic 2014). Domestic challenges of fracking Fracking is not without its critics. In a major survey of media portrayals, Groat Grimshaw (2012) found that two-thirds of stories across all forms of news media in the USA were negative. They go on to criticise the fact that that less than a quarter of all stories made any reference to scientific research on the issue. The UK, where the government has shown a commitment to developing fracking that could make it the second major economy to follow the lead of the USA, has seen major public objection to fracking, sparked in part by a number of earthquakes that were attributed to drilling activities (BBC News 2011). Others have highlighted drinking water contamination, air pollution, and limited regulation (meaning wells can be constructed on church grounds and schools) as major criticisms of fracking in the USA (Goldberg 2013). Holloway Rudd (2013 p.126) reject many of these criticisms, noting that no link had been found linking fracking to reports of groundwater contamination. They cite a major study by the University of Texas, which concluded that many problems ascribed to hydraulic fracturing are related to processes common to all oil and gas drilling operations and that any reports of contamination can be traced to above-ground spills or other mishandling of wastewater produced from shale gas drilling, rather than from hydraulic fracturing (Holloway Rudd, p.126). These justifications seem disingenuous; the issues identified are a direct consequence of fracking, even if they are not unique to it as a form of energy extraction. Over 15 million Americans now live within a mile of an oil or gas well, a figure likely to skyrocket as more wells are constructed, especially if densely populated nations such as the UK commence drilling operations (Gold McGinty 2013). As fracking is a technology that brings production closer to communities, it is imperative that the industry do more to address these issues, rather than dismissing them as normal consequences of fossil fuel production. If they do not, they will fail to win over public opinion, which in turn could result in a hostile regulatory regime that could act as a major impediment on the proliferation of fracking worldwide, negating any positive effects on energy security. The Geopolitical significance of fracking It is not just the size of potential shale gas reserves that is significant; it is also their global distribution. Presently, Russia tops the current list of nations with proven gas reserves, closely followed by Iran, with Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan and Venezuela all featuring in the top ten à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" all nations with questionable human rights records, or a history of animosity towards the USA (Oil and Gas Journal 2012). By contrast, China à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" with negligible traditional energy reserves à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" tops the list of technically proven shale gas reserves. Brazil, the USA, and South Africa also feature in the top ten of this list (EIA 2014). This means that fracking has an enormous potential to impact on global energy security. Six out of the top ten companies in the world are involved in the energy sector, and the future of fracking could well impact on their long-term fortunes (Fortune 2014). Large exporters such as Saudi Arabia, Russia, and Venezue la depend on oil and gas exports for their security and standing in the world, and plan their foreign policies accordingly (Orttung Overland 2011). Control of fossil fuel reserves has been a factor in many global territorial disputes, and is a major motivating factor behind US political and military involvement in the Middle East (Overland 2015). Clearly then, any change to the existing status quo with regards to the production, import, and export of gas is going to have a profound impact on global politics and the future of global energy security. If the USA does indeed become a net exporter of energy, its strategic interest in the Middle East à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" where it has a huge military presence, and has been directly involved in two recent wars à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" is likely to wane (Index of US Military Strength 2015, p.117). Some nations that exert their foreign policy objectives through energy are likely to see their influence decline, while others will see potential for their security to improve. European energy security At present, relations between Russia, Europe and the USA are strained. As much as a quarter of the EUs gas is imported from Russia, and nearly 80% of it has traditionally travelled in pipes through Ukraine (BBC News 2009). Successive disputes between Ukraine and Russia regarding payment for gas resulted in almost annual cut-offs in European supply over successive winters in the latter half of the decade, causing some governments to declare a state of emergency as schools and factories closed and people struggled to survive the freezing temperatures (Cendrowicz 2009). These cuts in supply were short-lived, but demonstrate how vulnerable European energy security is to geopolitical events beyond its control. The overthrow of pro-Russian president in Ukraine, the Russian annexation of Crimea, consequent European sanctions, and a Ukrainian gas production base that is centred to the east where insurgent fighting continues to wreak its toll all point to major, continued threats to glob al energy security, and perhaps underline why European nations might want to reconsider their initial reluctance to pursue the option of fracking (Oil and Energy Trends 2014). It is clear that if predictions of shale gas reserves prove accurate, Russian influence on global energy security will be greatly diminished, and a new hierarchical relationship will develop. It is also noteworthy that while Russian influence might decline, two other BRIC nations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" China and Brazil à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" may step onto the stage as global players in the global energy market. Some observers have commented that this could accelerate the USAs decline as a hegemonic superpower; however, with the alluring prospect of energy independence itself, fracking might actually help to revive American fortunes (Dunn Mcclelland 2013). Climate Change Although fracking has the potential to guarantee energy security for many nations, while precipitating the decline of influence for some producers and hastening the rise of others, in the long term, it has the potential to be a retrograde step for energy security. At a time when scientific consensus seems to be that the use of fossil fuels is adversely impacting on the economic and ecologic future of the planet, it seems unfortunate that fracking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" with its promise of low cost energy independence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" has been developed as a technology. The UK seems almost certain to miss its objectives under the Climate Change Act 2008 of reducing carbon emissions to 80% of 1990 levels by 2050 if it continues to pursue its policy of fracking (Cooper, Stamford Azapagic 2014). Although carbon taxes could offset the economic consequences of climate change, the political hurdles to implementing such policies have proved challenging to date (Rabe Borick 2012). Furthe rmore, carbon taxes will not mitigate against the physical consequences of climate change, which even by conservative best case scenario estimates, is likely to exacerbate food and water security, result in more frequent freak weather events, and mean a rise in sea levels by the middle of the century (Schneider et al 2007). These factors are likely to result in greater instances of conflict, as populations compete for increasingly scarce resources (Scott 2012). As such, the short term benefits to energy security that fracking could bring could eventually contribute to long term global instability as the more serious effects of climate change begin to take effect. Conclusion As we have seen, the fracking revolution has the potential to shake up the largely static hierarchical energy relationships that have existed since the end of World War Two. Nations such as the USA and the United Kingdom have the potential to become energy independent within a generation. Growing economies with limited traditional energy reserves such as China have the potential to become energy producers, which, until now, they have largely been excluded from. For the winners, a future of energy independence beckons, which in turn means greater energy security and greater global security. Although there are many benefits, the impact of climate change cannot be ignored. Fracking provides cheap domestic fuel, which in turn means that the point in time at which it becomes economically viable for societies to switch to renewable sources of energy disappears further into the future. This means that, long term, fracking could contribute to increased political volatility and uncertain ty, which in turn could result in reduced global energy security. Ultimately, fracking could prove to be a false economy. Bibliography Andrews. I., 2013. The Carboniferous Bowland Shale Gas Study: Geology and Resource Estimation, British Geological Society for Climate and Energy Change, London, 2013. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/226874/BGS_DECC_BowlandShaleGasReport_MAIN_REPORT.pdf  last accessed 31st October 2015 BBC News. 2009. EU reaches gas deal with Ukraine. BBC News Online https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8179461.stm  last accessed 26th October 2015 BBC News. 2013. What is fracking and why is it controversial? BBC News Online https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-14432401 last accessed 24th October 2015 BBC News. 2011. Anti-fracking protesters target Blackpool Tower. BBC News Online https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lancashire-14431512  last accessed 25th October 2015 Cendrowicz. L., 2009. Russia-Europe Gas Spat Endsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ For Now. Time Magazine https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1870597,00.html last acc essed 27th October 2015 Cooper. 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Climate Change 2014 [online]. https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full.pdf last accessed 13th October 2015. McDonald. P., 2014. SURVEY: Fears over energy security provide boost for shale gas prospects. Oil and Energy Trends, 39: p.10à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"18. doi:10.1111/oet.12183 Oil Gas Journal. 2012. Worldwide Look at Reserves and Production. Oil Gas Journal 2012; 110:12; pp.28à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"31. https://www.ogj.com/articles/print/vol-110/issue-12/special-report-worldwide-report/worldwide-look-at-reserves-production.html Oil and Energy Trends. 2013. Focus: US looks for export markets for its NGL. Oil and Energy Trends 2013; 38:7; pp 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"6, DOI: 10.1111/oet.12077. Oil and Energy Trends. 2014. FOCUS: Europe counts the energy cost of Ukrainian crisis. Oil and Energy Trends, 39: 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"7. doi: 10.1111/oet.12162 Orttung, R., Overland, I. 2011. A limited toolbox: explaining the constraints on Russias foreign energy policy. Journal of Eur asian Studies, 2 (1), 74à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"85. Overland, I. 2015. Future Petroleum Geopolitics: Consequences of Climate Policy and Unconventional Oil and Gas. Handbook of Clean Energy Systems. 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"29 Rabe, B., Borick, C. 2012. Carbon Taxation and Policy Labeling: Experience from American States and Canadian Provinces. Review of Policy Research, 29: p.358à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"382. doi:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2012.00564.x Ruhl. C., 2013. Oil Boom 2.0 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" An American Dream Updated. LinkedIn [blog] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20130730080645-259060403-oil-boom-2-0-an-american-dream-updated last updated 24th October 2015 Scott. S., 2012. The Securitization of Climate Change in World Politics: How Close have We Come and would Full Securitization Enhance the Efficacy of Global Climate Change Policy? RECIEL. 12(3) November 2012, p.220-230. Sica, C. E., 2015. Stacked Scale Frames: Building Hegemony for Fracking Across Scales. Area. doi:10.1111/area.12213 Stern, N. (2006). Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change: Executive Summary. HM Treasury, London. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100407011151/https://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/sternreview_index.htm last accessed 23rd October 2015