Minorities Fall Victim to Achievement Gap

The studies do not Ill and give proof that there Is a problem occurring in American schools. A solution needs to be derived fast: and, a senior admissions officer at Harvard university believes he has a simple-?yet effective-?method to solve the problem. In the essay, â€Å"Paying Kids to Study? It's Not a Crazy Idea,† David L Evans believes we should give incentives to minorities in order to motivate them to strive for academic greatness.First, Evans explains that â€Å"Tiger Woods and Serene and Venus Williams† are at the top of their game and are minorities In their particular sport(11 Evans states that these athletes give minorities' a role model to look up to and a reason to feel good about being different. Tiger Woods and Serene and Venus Williams give students a reason to be leave in hard work and that perseverance pays off, explains Evans. When Woods and the Williams sisters win a match or tournament, they are rewarded with a trophy and/or money. Evans calls the se Incentives, which reward them for their hard work and dedication.Therefore, Evans believes that all minority students should receive incentives Like their favorite major athletes. Evans explains that we should do the same by giving â€Å"material rewards or monetary inducements to minority students as motivation to do well academically' (11). Further, Evans explains that this might seem like a crazy idea but that it is a very thought out plan. Evans explains that some of the most distinguished colleges have awarded student for their achievement. In the same manner, Evans explains that there are Insurance businesses that have discounts for students with good grade.Evans believes molesters should receive such incentives through individuals or groups that would give a couple hundred dollars away to students that have greatly improved their grades. Instead of money Evans says that students may receive â€Å"clothing, sneakers, invitations to fancy dinners tit famous personalities o r chauffeur-driven limousines to proms could serve the same purpose† (11). To continue, Evans explains that even though there were many obstacles for Tiger and the Williams sisters to overcome, they still managed to Decode â€Å"emailed role models In a society Tanat Is In constant pursuit AT material rewards† (11).To conclude, Evans states that we should recognize academic success and reward students with more than Just the usual â€Å"pat on the back† (11). Even though, Evans' idea of giving rewards-?material or monetary-?to minority students is a great idea on paper, but fails when faced with the real world. Evans fails to see the consequences that could arise and he fails to realize that this will not work for every minority student, for everyone is different.Evans should have thought how peer pressure from â€Å"Acting White† really affects students, how moral values and material rewards do not mix, how damages intrinsic values and will not increase s elf-esteem, and how professional athletes as role models can increase academic difficulties. Furthermore, the achievement gap is the gap between minority students and non- minority students academically. As stated above, the achievement gap can be seen wrought â€Å"test scores, grades, drop-out and graduation rates, and almost every relevant indicator of academic performance† (Encourage).Although there are probably hundreds of contributing factors, some are family problems, low-incomes, social problems, and learning problems. Many researchers, reformers, and educators often use the achievement gap compare the gap between White and African-American students, it is also use to compare the gap between Latino students. The achievement gap is also caused by students who have certain disadvantages and attend schools that are unable to understand their particular needs and only hurt hem even more.Another example that shows the achievement gap are the results of the 2006 California Standards Test, which showed that 60. 3% of Whites, 29% of African-Americans, and 27. 4% of Hispanics scored proficiency in English-Language Arts and 53% of Whites, 24. 9% of African-Americans, and 29. 8% of Hispanics scored proficiency in Math (O'Connell). Peer pressure in school can affect many aspects of a students' life and among them is academic achievement. As explained by Evans, â€Å"Acting White† is when an African-American student â€Å"stand[s] apart from the crowd† (11). â€Å"Acting White† by Roland G.Fryer, an assistant professor of economics, explains that acting white can be characterized by the â€Å"academically inclined, but allegedly snobbish, minority students who were shunned by their peers† (53). What Fryer means that they are the minority students who excel in school-?often the richer-?and are separated from their peers because of all the pressure they receive for acting white. To be precise, Fryer explains that for this essay, act ing white refers to â€Å"a set of social interactions in which minority adolescents who get good grades in school enjoy less social popularity than white students who do well academically' (53).Further, acting white â€Å"is most prevalent in racially integrated public schools,† where there is a greater ratio of white to black (54). Fryer explains that there are many variations to the definition of what acting white is, but all show a similar â€Å"reference to situations where some minority adolescents ridicule their minority peers for engaging in behaviors perceived to be characteristics of whites† (54). Fryer also says that since â€Å"reading a book or getting good grades might be perceived as acting white that makes the topic a matter of national concern† (54).As black students Gaps increase above a 3. Level, â€Å"they tend to have fewer and fewer friends† (56). Fryer found through his research that black students did not have the peer pressure of acting white when attending an all Dalai cocoons, out 010 when attending an Integrated cocoons. He also salsa TN African American students that went to a private school had more friends and more â€Å"cross-ethnic friendships† (58). In the essay, â€Å"The Significance of Race in the Racial Gap in Academic Achievement,† Pedro A.Encourage, a professor in the graduate School of Education at Harvard University, and Anti Oakum, a doctoral student in Sociology at he University of Pennsylvania, explain that even when a minority student makes the particular requirements for advanced placement(AP), they will often decline the offer because they do not want to lose their friends. Further, Encourage and Oakum explain that this is also true will other things such as â€Å"the school band, newspaper, debating team or honors society. Acting white plays a huge role in a students' peer group; they want to be in the popular group or the sports group and despite their parents words o f advice they would rather listen to their peer group, which could lead them the wrong way. While Evans goes about his idea of giving rewards to minority students who show improvement in their academics, he makes the assumption that all minorities will participate. Although, incentives might sound good to an African- American student or Hispanic student, it still does not erase the peer pressure students feel from their peers when they excel in school.The feeling of being accepted in a group is greater than that of an education. In the essay â€Å"Money for Mortality [sic],† Mary Argues, a freelance writer living in Reading, PA, explains that rewards can damage the â€Å"virtues of honesty and kindness. â€Å"A reward is a gift; any gift should at least be met with the presumption of genuine gratitude on the part of the giver,† explains Argues. To show how our society believes a good deed must end with a reward, Argues tells a story about a young boy who found an enve lope full of money and returned it to its right-full owner.When the boys school heard of his great deed, they persisted to say that some sort of reward was required and that they $3 he received was cheap. To make things worse, the school presented him with a $1 50 savings bond. Argues believes that his mined the boys sense of self-gratitude. When Argues' son came to her asking for $10 for every A she said, [d]owing well is its own reward. The A Just confirms that. † Argues makes clear that she does praise her son but Just not with money or other incentives.She explains that it is â€Å"not meant to reward or elicit future achievement, but rather to express my genuine delight in the satisfaction he feels at having done his best. † Argues' main point is that rewards cause us to lose sight of our virtues, leaving us â€Å"incapable of feeling a genuine sense of inner peace. † In the essay, Studies Find Reward Often No Motivator,† Life Cohn, a Cambridge, MA wri ter, explains that many people believe that â€Å"rewards promote better performance. Cohn explains that psychologists have â€Å"been finding that rewards can lower performance levels, especially when the performance involves creativity. † â€Å"[T]he sense that something is worth doing for its own sake†¦ Declines when someone is rewarded for doing it† (Cohn). Cohn said that when he studied a group of young children that were rewarded for drawing, they became less likely to draw by themselves than that of children who would draw because they enjoyed it.Cohn explains two reasons why rewards hurt performance: first, â€Å"rewards encourage people to focus narrowly on a task, to do it as quickly as possible and to take few risks;† second, â€Å"people come to see themselves as being controlled by the reward. † Evans fails to realize the difference Detente reward Ana award. A reward Is â€Å"something glen In return Tort something done† and an a ward is â€Å"given after being Judged. † Evans confuses the two when he is explaining how major athletes receive rewards when they win a game or a math or a tournament.Argues and Cohn both see the affects rewards-?creativity and titivation-?can have on a child or a student. Argues sees it through every day things such as reading the newspaper; whereas, Cohn sees it through things such as research. Rewards can ultimately damage intrinsic values and will not increase self-esteem. Steven Rises, a professor of psychology at Ohio State University, explains intrinsic motivations as â€Å"doing something because you want to† and extrinsic motivations as â€Å"seeking a reward. Rises explains that money can be an effective motivator and so can grades, and that everyone is different, therefore, people will have different ways f being motivated. Rises continues to say that â€Å"some people are very curious and enjoy spending a great deal of time learning on their own,† but there are also people that â€Å"don't enjoy learning for its own sake. † Rises explains that many people might not be intrinsically motivated because of the â€Å"negative feelings they cause, such as performance anxiety. In the article â€Å"The Feel-good Trap,† Richard Westbound believes that a students' ability to learn does not deal with rewards or acting white, but that they have no â€Å"confidence in their ability to learn† (12). Westbound explains hat the self-esteem movement believes that â€Å"[r]gassing their self-esteem would boost their achievement† (12). Westbound disagrees with the self-esteem movement and says â€Å"[s]elf-esteem has little or no impact on academic achievement, or on drug use, violence or any other serious problems (12). Even if schools were to raise students' self-esteem levels they would be unable to â€Å"manage humiliation or maturity' (12).Westbound believes â€Å"too much unconditional praise produces not s elf-confidence but cynicism about adults and doubts about themselves† (12). Further, Westbound explains that while focusing on self-esteem â€Å"teachers dumb down curricula, inflate grades and avoid discussing real academic problems with parents† (13). Westbound believes schools need to drop the idea of self-esteem completely and â€Å"should instead set high expectations of children, cultivate in them a wide range of competencies, coping strategies and ethical sensibilities, and show them the value of these abilities† (13).Adults need â€Å"to spend more time with children† and not take the â€Å"short cut† by constantly praising children and giving them their â€Å"time and attention† that they so need and deserve. (13). Westbound believes parents should be more involved in school and help out more at home, in order to fix the achievement gap. On the opposite side, Evans believes rewards will motivate minority students because they will no t themselves and that self-esteem issues will be resolved be rewards and improved academics.In comparison, Rises believes that rewards work only for certain people; different people are motivated by different things. Also, Westbound believes that no reward or motivator will ever affect a students' self-esteem because the issue is set deep within the brain, which rewards will fail to fix. In the essay, â€Å"The Significance of Race in the Racial Gap in Academic Achievement,† Encourage and Oakum see how looking up to major league athletes as role models can affect a students' attitudes towards school.Encourage and Oakum explain that â€Å"many young people believe that they have a greater chance of Decoding a mainly pal tinplate or rap artist than an engineer, doctor or steward programmer. † Even though, the odds of being in a major league sport are very few, students will still set their lives primarily on sports not leaving adequate time for academics. Differing from Encourage and Oakum, Evans believes professional athletes would become the basis of all role models for minority students. Evans fails to realize that this could have major affects on a students' academic achievement.To conclude, Evans makes a whole bunch of assumptions that were not supported by proper evidence. â€Å"Acting White† is much more than standing out in the crowd; it is about minority students feeling socially obligated to decline sports or academics, so they will not lose the friends they have. When a child is growing up they are learning at a rapid pace and then there moral values are screwed up by material rewards, Hereford learning to become dependent on a reward in order to do something; once a student receives a reward for a good grade, they will not have the same feelings toward school as before.Rewards can damage intrinsic values by giving people the perception that they can only complete or do something if they are rewarded for their efforts; further, se lf-esteem is not something that can be fixed by rewards, due to the fact that is requires much more. Lastly, professional athletes are not role models worth looking up to because they can only twist and tangle students attitudes awards school; they feel they have a better chance of making it in a major league sport than in any academically required profession.

Are young people feel to being too protected Essay

Parents often believe that it is better to be safe than sorry. Do you consider young people to be too protected? Whenever you come across the word â€Å"childhood†, you can sense the freedom to do everything, you can see yourself on all smiles and even you can remember the silly things you have done with your friends when you were young which could make induce a sense of humour till now. Well not anymore. In today’s world, parents prevent them from letting them go out and venture, they do not allow their children to do activities and lastly solving their children’s own problem. Nowadays, helicopter parents do not allow their child to go out and venture the world. Helicopter parents do not allow their children to go out as they are afraid about their child being kidnapped. If this continued, children would be immature and sad to say that they would continue to . To prove my point, a research was done by Cambridge University on the crime rate from ten years ago till now. The results tells us that crime rate has decreased by a whopping 86.81%. On the contrary, some critics may argue that children are immature, thus they are unprepared to face the world. But this is part of life, learning should never be obstructed and the more experienced they are, the more matured they will be. Ernest Dimnet once said that, â€Å"Children have to be educated, but they have also to be left to educate themselves.†. Therefore, this brings to me to my point that parents are overprotective. In today’s world, it is a common sight to see helicopter parents preventing their child to do activities such as cycling, skating or even walking to school. They are chained to their home making children prisoners in their own homes. This is because they are afraid that their child may contract something â€Å"disastrous† such as fever, minor injuries. Research conducted by Cambridge University tells us that children ten years ago have 65% lesser children suffering from obesity than children now. This is due to parents not allowing their child exercise. If this continued, children will get obese and may get long term medical conditions such as High blood pressure.  On the other hand, parents may argue by not allowing their children, they can prevent their children from being kidnapped by con man. This is the same worry once Lenore Skenazy, author of free range kids and America’s Worst Mom, had this same problem when she let her 9 year old to take the subway. But soon it has paid off when her son returned home all smiles. Therefore, this tells that children are overprotected. Lastly, a research done by National University of Singapore tells us that a whopping 78.69% of children, between the age of 10 to 15, who participated in the research lacks basic problem solving skills and a majority of children are brought up by helicopter parents. Nowadays, children share their problems to their parents, soon their parents will be worried and they will handle their problems. Because of that, children lack problem solving skills and become more reliant to their parents. On the other side of the coin, some critics may argue that children can pick up problem solving skills by attending courses or go for counselling. But which children will be interested to attend courses or go for counselling, and also a famous author, Paulo Coelho, once said that â€Å"People never learn anything by being told, they have to find out for themselves.†. Thus, this can tell us that young people are overprotected. To oppose this point, some critics may argue that children are naive and gullible. They make decisions without analysing the aftermath of it. Afraid of that, parents prevent their children from making decisions. To illustrate this point, here is an scenario. Imagine your 15 year old daughter was proposed by a guy. Being in a dilemma whether to accept or not, she follows her intuition and accepts his proposal. So without you knowing she has been hanging out with her â€Å"life partner†. Then one day, she comes at your doorsteps, crying and limping at the same time. Then she tells you what had happened. Then you came to know that she got raped by the guy she had proposed without you knowing. There goes her virginity. There goes your pride. There goes your faith. There goes your daughter’s future. You cannot rewind back into time to stop this. And there you are now feeling that you were a useless parent to your daughter. Back to my point, to prevent this types of problem, parents should effective communication with their children  and when they have done something wrong, you should advise them on what they should do to prevent the situation to happen again, rather than yelling and abusing them which would not bring any solution to the problem but making the problem even worse. In this way, we could prevent being an overprotective parent and establish a bond something more than a Parent-Child relationship. Before I end off my essay, let me tell you my opinion about this topic. Parents do show more care and compassion to their children than anyone could do. Due to that, parents tends to become over protective and they aim to let their child have a stress-free life. But the problem is that with the aim of theirs, their children are being over protected. Thus, their children becomes immature, becoming less confident to solve their own problems and lastly becoming less experienced. Thus, I can firmly conclude that young people are being overprotected!

Modern Technology Has Made Man Less Human Essay

The modern world has been shaped by its metaphysics, which has shaped its education, which in turn has brought forth its science and technology. So, without going back to metaphysics and education, we can say that the modern world has been shaped by technology. It tumbles from crisis to crisis; on all sides there are prophecies of disaster and, indeed, visible signs of breakdown. If that which has been shaped by technology, and continues to be so shaped, looks sick, it might be wise to have a look at technology itself. If technology is felt to be becoming more and more inhuman, we might do well to consider whether it is possible to have something better-a technology with a human face. Strange to say, technology, although of course the product of man, tends to develop by its own laws and principles, and these are very different from those of human nature or of living nature in general. Nature always, so to speak, knows where and when to stop. Greater even than the mystery of natural growth is the mystery of the natural cessation of growth. There is measure in all natural things — in their size, speed, or violence. As a result, the system of nature, of which man is a part, tends to be self-balancing, self-adjusting, self-cleansing. Not so with technology, or perhaps I should say: not so with man dominated by technology and specialisation. Technology recognises no self-limiting principle — in terms, for instance, of size, speed, or violence. It therefore does not possess the virtues of being self-balancing, self-adjusting, and self-cleans-mg. In the subtle system of nature, technology, and in particular the super-technology of the modern world, acts like a foreign body, and there are now numerous signs of rejection. Suddenly, if not altogether surprisingly, the modern world, shaped by modern technology, finds itself involved in three crises simultaneously. First, human nature revolts against inhuman technological, organisational, and political patterns, which it experiences as suffocating and debilitating; second, the living environment which supports human life aches and groans and gives signs of partial breakdown; and, third, it is clear to anyone fully knowledgeable in the subject matter that the inroads being made into the world’s non-renewable resources, particularly those of fossil fuels, are such that serious bottlenecks and virtual exhaustion loom ahead in the quite foreseeable future.

Effective outsourcing allows companies to focus on their core business Essay

Effective outsourcing allows companies to focus on their core business - Essay Example For example India has about 5-6% of the global outsourcing market share and from it, it was able to generate revenue of US $ 10.9 billion in the year 2008 (Bijan 2009). By description, outsourcing is a process by which a company contracts a third party to perform for them a particular function that is not considered as one of the company’s core activities. The third party can be another company or a person. Outsourcing is more prominent in countries with high wage rates where companies outsource their non-core functions to countries with low wage rates for example China and India. The main advantages or reasons for outsourcing include gaining access to globally competitive capabilities, control and reduce operation costs, accelerate re-engineering benefits, share risks, and reduce time and efforts for marketing. It also enables a company to utilize resources that are not available internally, free their resources for development of other resources and improve their focus on th e core business activities of the company (Bijan et al 2002). The intention of this essay is to show how effective outsourcing enables/allows companies to keep a focus on their core businesses. Various writers have identified various dimensions that should be considered when making outsourcing decisions. This paper gives a discussion of four of these namely, core competencies, spatial, geographic and product innovation dimension. Under core competencies dimension, a company should not only consider growing in size and scope but it should also ensure that it maintains it specializes in and sustains focus on its core competencies. This means it should not only focus on repetitive tasks but extend to include a wider range of activities. These include knowledge-intensive tasks and sensitive functions for example R&D and design. This will enable the company to increase knowledge from external sources and hence be flexible in responding to challenges and pressures from competition (Stark et al 2006). According to (Bijan et al 2002) the process of outsourcing non-core activities allows a company to step up its resource allocation and managerial attention to those tasks it does the best. These tasks constitute the core business activities/core competencies of the company. This leads to workers and managers being more committed to the company’s core activities. This in turn increases flexibility and responsiveness which generate beneficial impacts on the performance of the firm. Such a specialization leads to high quality production. This is important in the current local and global sectors and markets characterized by very competitive pressures, complex technologies and short product life cycle. Another dimension to be considered in outsourcing decision making is spatial dimension. In this dimension, the company should explore the geographic span of the outsourcing activity. This includes the spatial distribution of all activities that are to be outsourced and the geographic extend of the value chains that will result from this. Dhanapal et al (20080 explains that this dimension has to receive adequate attention because it can result to larger inventories, greater flexibility and longer lead times. Larger spatial span can also result to coordination and communication difficulties and lowered advantage of costs that are fixed in nature. The company therefore has to consider the competitive advantages of the territories and competitive strategies of their firms. In the

Sociology of Developing Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Sociology of Developing Countries - Essay Example As far as radical ideology is concerned, these were found to be largely absent. The urban poor are, generally, supportive of them and see the government as doing its best to understand their issues (Griffiths, 2011). In order to benefit the rural poor, it is important to encourage good governance via decentralization. While this alone cannot help the rural poor in achieving this, inclusion of the program will mobilize them; motivate the poor, as well as marginal households, to seek available resources and opportunities. External agencies, their resources, experience, and expertise are important to development of the decentralization process (Griffiths, 2011). Urbanization seems to be happening at an unprecedented rate, with most of the individuals now living in the cities, as opposed to the countryside. By 2050, the UN forecasts that seventy percent of the world’s population will be urbanized compared to only thirty percent in 1950. Developing countries in Africa and Asia are the most affected, especially as opportunities for employment shift to the city and agriculture’s labor requirements decrease. Ultimately, this trend may prove destabilizing, as developing countries look set to achieve lower per capita income compared to developed countries at their point of urbanization. Countries with large urban populations of the younger generation are more prone to civil unrest compared to those with lower populations. These developing countries with increased urban population also have trouble in sustaining credible institutions of democracy (Handelman, 2011). These poor and disorganized cities also create the perfect ground for the emergence of gangs, crime-lords, as well as senseless riots. Rapid urbanization of developing countries, therefore, is expected to bring with it magnified scenarios of what happened during the same phase in developed countries. Another consequence of this urbanization of developing countries is international terrorism, since the

Police Racial Profiling Has Become a Growing Problem in the Fairfield Essay

Police Racial Profiling Has Become a Growing Problem in the Fairfield County of Connecticut - Essay Example Connecticut is a state in the US in which police racial profiling has drastically increased. In towns like Milford, Stratford, Fairfield, Westport and Greenwich racial profiling has increased to a dangerous extent. Despite the increasing issue of racial profiling, the nation is showing little concern over this issue. According to latest researches, it was found out that blacks and Latinos are 30 times more likely to be stopped and searched by the police without any serious reason and suspicion than the whites. And this figure has increased within the past year. The minorities in any area are usually the ones who suffer from racial profiling. It is generally believed that the minorities of a nation are the ones who are involved in causing riots, thefts, robbery and car snatching. In Fairfield county racial discrimination is extremely alarming. Most of the towns in Connecticut have a population consisting mostly of blacks and Latinos and, therefore, police racial profiling is very comm on in these areas. The whites and blacks still live apart from each other in these areas and do not prefer to make friends with each other (Holbert 2004). The government has made promises that they will eliminate police racial profiling in the US and make sure that all citizens of the country are secure and safe. But the government has failed to do so. Not white people are still now and then stopped and inquired without any reason. This has increased the feeling of hostility among the blacks and Latinos for the white people and, as a result, they try to make troubles for the white people in order to take revenge. Many riots that have occurred in the previous years were mostly because of racial profiling. The black people demand to have some self-respect and when the police stop and search them without a search warrant and any solid reason just because they are black, they feel exceedingly insulted and this increases the feeling of hatred for the white (Holbert 2004). As a safety pre caution, the black people teach their children that they must take extra care while stopped by a police because if a black misbehaves with the latter, they can easily make it a serious issue and can even get you jailed on this petty offense. It is found that for the same offense a white will be exempted whereas a black can be severely punished for the same issue. So a black must be extra careful while confronting the police. Although statistics clearly show that these are not the blacks who are majorly involved in keeping illegal weapons and having drugs, but about 70% of drug users were found to be white as compared to only 15% black and 8% Latino. It is the duty of law enforcement agencies to protect people without any discrimination, but when the former practise racial profiling, people will not feel secure and safe. Following such practice, it is assumed that the whites are the people who abide by the law whereas blacks and Latinos are criminals, although this is not true. The w hite people know that they are free to do whatever they like because the police will never catch them for little issues. So it is now observed that the white people are greatly getting involved in street crimes day by day and carrying drugs and illegal weapons with them. To improve the relationships among people, the police and law enforcement agencies it is necessary for people to be satisfied with the performance of the police and only then people

Community week three Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community week three - Essay Example The authors also outline the importance and how to carry out public health surveillance, an effort that Cleveland clinic has taken up since it started. The clinic gives health talks on disease prevention, management, and treatment. Secondly, the clinic offers management services for both acute and chronic diseases. To improve accessibility, Global Patient Services awareness should be done, as people are not aware of the seamless referral resource, which help to access care providers. Since the clinic is a nonprofit institution that is publicly financed, it should then consider the entire community’s needs in order to promote affordability (Nies and McEwen, 2011). Its availability can be promoted through coming up with more centers to serve the growing population. The clinic is gaining more acceptability with the ranking it acquires in the health field because of competency in health care provision. However this can further be improved through reconsidering their charges which is a big barrier to accessing their services The growing demand for children and adolescent health care has necessitated improved technical expertise among the school nurses. Likewise, the nurses’ professional roles have increased. Today’s school nursing is not only about bandaging alone. A challenge comes in when this nurse is expected to handle a student who is managed by different health care providers for a certain condition. The nurse will therefore require the knowledge, skills, and equipments to provide quality care to this student while in school. There is quite a wide range of schoolchildren and teenage health problems that has called for the school nurse to be conversant with numerous technologies and protocols and Familiarize himself with variety of new drugs available for specific condition (Louis and Elsevier, 2009). There are different determinants to which health problem is prevalent to children and adolescents (Nies and McEwen, 2011).

Sulfur recovery processes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sulfur recovery processes - Essay Example gas treatment system, where the effluent gases that remain from the purification process are used to oxidize sulfur into sulfur dioxide, instead of being released to the atmosphere to cause pollution. Most significant is that this process yields high quality sulfur, making it a good source of this valuable chemical (Kohl & Nielsen, 1997). However, the air pollution controls that have been put in place have made the Claus process even more expensive, since some installations that prevent air pollution have to be made, despite the fact that they may not be economical at all. The problem of Claus Process is added to, by the fact that it is unable to fully convert hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur, due to some equilibrium limitations. Therefore, no matter how well the emission of sulfur compound is controlled, the process ends-up releasing relatively high quantities of the air pollutant than is actually acceptable (Kohl, 1997). Thus, most of the times, the process requires to be supplemented with specific processes meant to remove the sulfur residue, which ensures that any excess sulfur emission from the process is cleaned-up. Claus process occurs in two forms, referred to as the straight-through process and the split-flow process. The processes are differentiated by the fact that, while in the straight-through process gas is fed through the reaction furnace, it is fed directly into the major catalytic reactor through bypassing the furnace, in the split-flow process (Kohl & Nielsen, 1997). The choice of the process to be used between these two sulfur purification processes depends on the content of hydrogen sulfide in the gas to be purified, and whether the gas contains hydrocarbons. If the gas to be purified contains hydrocarbons, then, the straight-through process is opted for, while the split-flow process is applied where the gas does not contain large quantities of hydrocarbons (Kohl, 1997). There are some fundamental aspects of the Claus process that should

Life in Prison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Life in Prison - Essay Example The text provided me with a comprehensive view of this subject. b. There are different strategies being used by "Anonymous N. Inmate" and the other inmates in their adjustment to the prison system. Some attempt to become more involved in prison lives in a good way, occupying themselves with programs and activities that pass the time, like reading, drawing, getting a job, educating themselves, participating in religious activities and other activities. These are used as ways to escape the difficult reality of living within the prison compound. Others choose do behave differently; engaging in the economy of illegal goods and services, prison politics, joining a gang, etc. Both methods are, in a way, forms of escapism of the reality and keeping one engaged and busy. Another adaptation to life in prison is that which involves sex in prison. While some prisoners opt to only masturbate, others begin having sex with other men, while picturing women. The dire lack of any women and the possibility to have sex with someone of your own choice leads them to doing this. This is clearly an adaptation difficult to make, but statistics show that between 12 and up to 65 percent of prisoners do this. c. The inmates need for respect, hope and safety contributes to the correctional policy to a great extent. By knowing what the prisoner needs and aspires to, the correctional system can adapt its methods of conduct, its strategies of operation, its rewards and punishments to these needs of the prisoners. For example, prisoners who exhibit a good behavior could be granted with special freedoms or privileges, something which will enhance their sense of being respected and valued. These prisoners could be commended on their good behavior, encouraging them to keep it up. In the same way, while of course keeping a humane and reasonable approach, prisoners who misbehave should be discouraged from continuing this form of conduct. d. The facility in

Since “The Big Twist” Essay Example for Free

Since â€Å"The Big Twist† Essay Since â€Å"The Big Twist† failure that killed multiple people, an investigation of the wheel and rail deviations from the derailed car has been carried out in order to determine what course of action should be taken to prevent similar catastrophes from occurring. In order to achieve safety, the rails of the newly designed car were supposed to be composed of 4130 steel. A heat treatment process involving a water quench and tempering was also required to modify the rail to a desired balance between ductility and hardness. The final Rockwell C-scale hardness was supposed to be 35-40. The failed rail was found to have a Rockwell C hardness of only 4. 8. In our own reference experiment, we were able to produce specimens similar to the failed specimen, with a Rockwell C hardness of 3. 7. Our similar sample was austenized and air cooled, which leads to the conclusion that the failed rail was not quenched or tempered at all, but merely annealed and left to cool. The resulting pearlite crystal structure of the material was soft and ductile, bending easily under stress and causing the car to derail and plummet to the ground. Introduction A new roller coaster in Florida called â€Å"The Big Twist† killed four people when one of the cars separated from the track and fell to the ground 120 feet below. It was discovered that the outer left wheel assembly was bent more than 30 degrees from its normal vertical orientation due to twisting of the support beam that connected the wheels to the car. Our research was performed to discover why the rail was weak enough to bend. The characteristics of steel can be greatly modified by changing the phase (or crystal structure). The first step in heat treating steel is the process of annealing and austenizing. When the steel is heated to a high enough temperature (annealing), carbon is dissolved into the metal solution (austenizing) by fitting into the interstitial vacancies in the high temperature-induced face-centered cubic structure of iron (austenite). The next step in heat treating is to quench the steel in water or oil, quickly cooling the steel to room temperature in order to trap the carbon in the crystal structure (even at the reduced temperature). This new phase is called martensite, intermediate to the face-centered and body-centered cubic structures. The internal stress caused by the distorted crystal structure causes the metal to be extremely hard and brittle. Finally, the heat treating is completed by heating the material once again (tempering) to gain a balance between strength and ductility. During tempering, nucleation of cementite occurs along with a growth in grain size, both reducing internal stress and restoring ductility. The resulting metal can be both harder and stronger than it can be without treatment. Essentially, if the metal contains too much pearlite (it is only annealed or tempered too long or hot), it will be too ductile and soft to withstand the forces on the rail of the roller-coaster car, for example. Conversely, if the metal contains too much untempered martensite (it is only annealed and quenched without a tempering), it will be extremely hard but utterly brittle. Experimental Procedures and Results Using seven samples of 4130 steel as references, it was possible to determine what was wrong with the received sample of roller coaster rail with comparative analysis. Seven reference specimens were placed in an austenitizing furnace at 844 °C for one hour. After austenitizing, six of the samples were immediately quenched in water at room temperature and four of them were placed in tempering furnaces at 205 °C, 370 °C, 482 °C, and 677 °C for one hour. The other two were left at room temperature. The samples were next sanded with abrasive paper to remove surface discoloration and tested for Rockwell C-scale hardness, with three tests each to be averaged. After the hardness tests were completed, Charpy Impact Tests were performed on each specimen. A table of results can be seen below. Obviously the crashed car rail was not tempered correctly, if at all, since its properties are almost identical to the austenized, air-cooled sample of 4130 steel. Also, a crashed car rail specimen was prepared and examined under the microscope to study the microstructure. The preparation included cutting, hot mounting, rough and fine grinding, and polishing of the specimen. After the specimen was cut into two pieces of appropriate sizes, hot mounting was carried out using a press which molded a thermoplastic around the samples on three sides. Rough and fine grinding involved using a silicon carbide abrasive on a belt sander with 120, 240, 400, and 600 grit papers. Polishing was performed with rotating wheels covered by polishing cloths soaked in alumina slurrys (1mm, . 3? m, and . 05? m alumina respectively). Finally, the samples were chemically etched with nitric acid, one for 8 and one for 15 seconds. The samples were examined under a microscope at 400x, the images of which are shown below.

Role of Multi-Detector CT in Paranasal Sinuses

Role of Multi-Detector CT in Paranasal Sinuses SUMMARY OF THESIS Name of speciality : Radio-diagnosis Name of System : Head and Neck Title of Thesis and : Role of Multi-Detector Computed Tomography in Paranasal Sinuses  Pathology, 2015. Lakshmi Kumar Chalamarla Name of Supervisor : Dr. Kavita Kapoor, Consultant Imaging, Batra Hospital and  Medical Research Centre, New Delhi. Hospital/Institute : Batra Hospital and Medical Research  Centre, New Delhi-110062. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To characterize pathologies of paranasal sinuses on MDCT and to delineate their anatomical location, extension and bony involvement. To correlate the multi detector computed tomography findings with clinical/surgical/histopathological/ microbiological findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS STUDY AREA: The study was conducted at the Department of Radio-diagnosis and Imaging in collaboration with the Department of ENT, Department of Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, Batra Hospital and Medical Research Centre. Other departments are collaborated for acquiring cases, and follow up of patients to correlate clinically or histopathologically or microbiologically. STUDY POPULATION: 100 patients were included in our study mostly urban population. Patients belonged to both OPD and IPD cases. The study comprised of 65 males and 35 females. The number of male patients were higher than the female patients. There were 15 patients in 0 20 years age group, 36 patients in 21 40 years age group, 37 in 41 60 years age group and 12 were greater than 60 years. The age group of patients ranged from minimum of 9 months to maximum of 81 years. The highest number of patients were in 41 60 years age group. SAMPLE SIZE: 100 patients referred for evaluation of sinus complaints were enrolled in the study after fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria and taking written/verbal informed consent from July 2013 to April 2015. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients with complaints like headache/nasal obstruction/discharge/hyposmia /swelling over cheek and with clinically suspected paranasal sinuses lesions referred for MDCT PNS evaluation. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Acute sinonasal inflammatory disease. Previous evidence of sinonasal surgery. All cases of trauma. SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION: (Ref.: Methods in biostatistics, Dr. B. K. Mahajan, 7th edition, pg. 85) For calculation of sample size Mahajans allowable error formula was applied. N = 4pq/e2 Where p = % of population = Target population/Total populationÃâ€"100 q = 1-p e = 20% of p As per CT room register over last 3 years Minimum no. of MDCT PNS cases at our hospital/month = 20 Maximum no. of MDCT PNS cases coming under exclusion criteria/month = 5 So, Minimum no. of MDCT PNS cases at our hospital/year = 240 Maximum no. of cases coming under exclusion criteria/year = 60 So, p = 180/240Ãâ€"100 = 75 q = 25 e = 20% of p = 15 N = 4Ãâ€"75Ãâ€"25/152 = 33. The minimum sample size thus calculated should be 33. STUDY DESIGN: Observational study. CT PNS of the patients was evaluated for the cause of sinus complaints. Causes deduced from CT PNS were correlated with clinical/histopathological/surgical/ microbiological findings. ETHICAL ISSUES: The study was conducted after necessary approval from the Institutional review board and ethics committee. MDCT is a non-invasive modality. All safety and screening measures were undertaken as per the American College of Radiology practice guidelines for performing Computed Tomography. INSTRUMENTATION: Light VCT 64 slice MDCT of GE radical system with advanced workstation 4.3 GE. Protocol followed for MDCT PNS: 1. Scout : Lateral kV : 120 mA : 10 Scout Plane : 900 2. Axial Images kV : 120 mA : 120 Start/End : 0 to 74.3 Total Exposure Time : 5.4 sec Gantry tilt : 0 Interval : 0.625 mm Slice thickness : 0.625 mm Helical Scan Rotation Time : 0.6 sec Rotation Length : Full Pitch and Speed : 0.531:1 10.62 mm/rotation Detector Coverage : 20 mm PROFORMA Unique ID No: HISTORY: Presenting Complaints: Nasal discharge: Headache: Nasal obstruction: Epistaxis: Swelling over cheek: Hyposmia/Anosmia: Others: H/O Smoking: Occupational exposure: History of Allergy: Any other Systemic Illness: Family History: EXAMINATION: General Examination: Local Examination: Inspection: Probe test: Others: Important Surgical Findings: Investigational Results: MDCT PNS : Histopathology: Microbiological and other important lab tests: Department of Radio-diagnosis and Imaging Batra Hospital and Medical research Centre M.B.Road, New Delhi-110062. INFORMED CONSENT FORM I s/d/w of r/o do hereby declare that I give informed consent to participate in the thesis study titled, ROLE OF MULTI-DETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN PARANASAL SINUSES PATHOLOGY. Dr. Lakshmi Kumar Chalamarla has informed me to my full satisfaction, in the language understand, about the purpose, nature of study and various investigations to be carried out for the study. I have been informed about the duration of the study and the possible benefits and risks. I give full, free and voluntary consent for being enrolled in the above study and reserve the right to withdraw from the study whenever I wish to without any prejudice of my right to undergo further treatment at this hospital and its associated hospitals. I have been given a copy of this form along with the patient information sheet. For illiterates patient information sheet will be shared with the family members. The family members are expected to read out and then get the informed consent. We will try to take written consent, if not we will take verbal consent in front of relatives. (Signature/Thumb (Signature/Thumb Impression of patient) Impression of relative) Name: Name: Date: Relation: Verbal Consent: Date: PATIENT INFORMATION SHEET Title: ROLE OF MULTI-DETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN PARANASAL SINUSES PATHOLOGY. Introduction: This statement describes the purpose, procedures, benefits, risks and discomforts of the study and your right to withdraw from the study at any point of time. Purpose: This study involves MDCT scan evaluation of patients with paranasal sinus complaints. Study Procedure: Your relevant clinical history will be recorded, clinical examination will be conducted and findings noted. MDCT PNS will be performed and the radiological findings will be recorded. These findings are correlated with clinical/surgical/histopathological/microbiological findings. Benefits: No monetary benefits will be given to you. However, any new information that can come to light regarding any new findings in the study will help in further management of the disease and help all other ailing patients suffering from this problem. Confidentiality: Records of your study participation will be kept confidential, under safe custody. Any publication of data will not identify you by name. By signing the consent form you authorise the sharing of your study related medical records to the regulatory authorities and the Institutional Ethical Committee. Information regarding withdrawal: You have the right to withdraw yourself from the study at any time during the course of the study without any prejudice to you or your familys right to undergo future treatment at BATRA HOSPITAL. Contact for additional information: Any time during or after the study, you can obtain further information about the study from Dr. Lakshmi Kumar Chalamarla, Department of Radio-diagnosis, BHMRC, New Delhi. DATA ANALYSIS Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values were calculated, followed by use of Fischer Exact test. Diagnostic accuracy of MDCT for different pathologies were calculated The research hypothesis and statistical methods were formed in consultation with the Biostatistician. SALIENT FINDINGS Key imaging features considered were significant anatomical variations, site of involvement, bony and soft tissue changes, invasion of surrounding structures, pathognomic features and correlation with clinical complaints/surgical/pathological/microbiological findings. The patients were divided into five categories: bacterial sinusitis, fungal sinusitis, benign tumors, malignant tumors, and others. 84 patients presented with sub acute or chronic bacterial sinusitis, 4 patients were of fungal sinusitis, 4 patients presented with benign tumors, 3 patients with malignant tumors and 5 patients with other conditions. Among 84 patients with bacterial sinusitis, 26 patients presented with sporadic pattern, 23 patients with infundibular pattern, 23 patients with ostiomeatal unit pattern, 8 patients with polyposis pattern, and 4 patients with sphenoid recess pattern. The various causative factors which came across in infundibular pattern were Haller cells in 6 cases, giant bulla ethmoidalis in 6 cases, uncinate process pneumatisation in 1 case, and mucoperiosteal thickening in 10 cases. The various causative factors for ostiomeatal pattern which were found during our study were: inferior turbinate hypertrophy in 6 cases, giant bulla ethmoidalis in 6 cases, deviated nasal septum with or without septal spur in 4 cases, concha bullosa in 3 cases, concha lamella in 2 cases, agger nasi cell in 1 case, and paradoxical middle turbinate in 1 case. The various findings which were encountered in bacterial sinusitis in our study were: mucoperiosteal thickening in 84 cases, ostiomeatal unit block in 31 patients, bone thickening in 20 patients, bone thinning in 8 cases, and bone sclerosis in 6 patients. Various anatomical variations were encountered during our study. One or the other anatomic variation was found in 99 cases ( 99% ). Of the structures around ostiomeatal unit, giant bulla ethmoidalis was found in 35 cases, middle turbinate pneumatisation in 33 cases, paradoxical curvature of middle turbinate in 19 cases. Haller cell was found in 15 cases. Type 1 frontal sinus drainage pathway in 78 cases, type 2 frontal sinus drainage pathway in 21 cases. Deviated nasal septum with or without septal spur in 55 cases, inferior turbinate hypertrophy in 30 cases, accessory maxillary ostia in 26 cases, and agger nasi cell in 93 cases. Type 1 optic nerve course was found in 53 cases, type 2 in 14 cases, type 3 in 9 cases, and type 4 optic nerve course along with Onodi cells in 23 cases. Type 1 anterior clinoid process pneumatisation was found in 10 cases, type 2 pneumatisation in 1 case. Sphenoid septum lateral attachment in 7 cases, and sphenoid sinus septum pneumatisation in 14 cases. Among 4 patients with fungal sinusitis, the various findings were: bilateral / multisinus involvement was found in 4 cases, expansion of any involved sinus was found in 4 cases, intrasinus hyperdensity was found in 4 cases. Bony thinning was found in 4 cases, bony erosions and nasal cavity involvement was found in 3 cases. The various findings in 4 cases of benign tumors seen ( 1 inverted papilloma, 1 juvenile angiofibroma and 2 ivory osteomas ) were: bony thinning in 2 cases, bony remodelling in 2 cases, multisinus involvement in 2 cases, intracranial extension in 1 case, and intra orbital extension in 1 case. Bony destruction, bone thickening/sclerosis, and calcification were not seen in any of the cases. Among 3 cases of malignant tumors, various findings were: : Bony destruction in 3 cases, bony thinning in 3 cases, bony remodelling in 0 cases, multisinus involvement in 2 cases, intracranial extension in 2 cases, and intra orbital extension in 3 cases. Bone thickening/sclerosis, and calcification were not seen in any of the cases. In our study we found sensitivity and specificity for bacterial sinusitis as 100% and 94.11% respectively. The fungal sinusitis had sensitivity an specificity of 75% and 100% respectively. Benign, malignant tumors and others had sensitivity and specificity of 100%. The diagnostic accuracy for bacterial sinusitis and fungal sinusitis was 99%, and the diagnostic accuracy of benign, malignant tumors and others was 100%. The p value was obtained after applying Fischer Exact test. The p value obtained was statistically significant for all the disease conditions. Based on the statistical values it can be inferred that multi detector computed tomography is useful to characterize paranasal sinuses lesions with respect to anatomical delineation, extension and bony involvement. There are certain limitations in our study. Our findings cannot be generalised to the whole population because of the limited sample size. However, our findings add value to the research done. The role of contrast cannot be adequately studied. The role of MRI in various paranasal sinus pathologies was not evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Paranasal sinus diseases are very commonly encountered problems in clinical practice. Clinical assessment alone is not sufficient to reach a diagnosis, as the presentation of most of the conditions is nonspecific. Imaging forms the mainstay not only in making correct diagnosis, but also to know the extent of lesion, pre-operative assessment of the sinonasal anatomy and commonly encountered anatomic variations. X ray has low sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. CT is highly sensitive and specific in determining the presence of paranasal sinus pathology and clearly demonstrates the complex anatomy. The introduction of multi detector CT has transformed the axial imaging modality into a volumetric one and allows the pathology to be displayed in any desired plane. The capability of thin-section acquisition improves visualisation of tiny pathological details, and the isotropic nature of high spatial resolution data sets enables display in multiple planes, obvi ating image acquisition in prone or hyper extended patient position. RECOMMENDATIONS MDCT has proved to be highly sensitive in classifying the lesions into clinically relevant categories, making diagnosis and more so in knowing the extent of involvement with a high diagnostic accuracy. MDCT is an indispensible tool before Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) to accurately delineate the fine bony details that contribute to disease and also can predispose to complications which can be fatal. MDCT is very useful in predicting the diagnosis of fungal sinusitis by the presence of intrasinus hyperdensity, granulomatous diseases by the presence of nasal septal perforation and intracranial or intraorbital invasion, malignancy by bone destruction and invasion. MDCT can tailor the surgery according to the extent of disease. It helps in determining the prognosis of the malignant tumors depending on the site and extent of the disease. It can also obviate the need for surgery in certain conditions like polyposis. MRI can be problem solving tool in differentiating inflammatory sinonasal diseases from tumors, and also for the presence of intracranial or intraorbital extension. However, MRI alone cannot be performed in the evaluation of paranasal sinus diseases because of the problem of signal voids. It has to be supplemented by CT. MDCT is the preferred modality of all imaging studies available because of its ease, availability, accuracy, precision and low cost.

Holistic Care in Sexual Health Assessments

Holistic Care in Sexual Health Assessments Reya James Delivering holistic care is of great importance when providing sexual health assessments as to ensure positive outcomes for the individual (Wright, 2012). Each person at some point of their developmental journey experiences a level of perceived risk taking behaviour, unfortunately usually resulting in anxiety provoking emotions through decisions made. The purpose of this case study response is to demonstrate an understanding and approach to the interlinking relationship of sexual and mental health issues identified within the case scenario. In order for this to occur, contributing risk factors will be analysed to provide an evidence based background to capture and highlight the link of both sexual and mental health issues. These risk factors include age group, alcohol use, risky sexual behaviour, neurovegetative symptoms, anxiety, and psychological stress increasing risk taking behaviour, will be also discussed. These identified behaviours and concerns will conclude with appropriate interventions and referrals For the purpose of this case study sexual assault will not be discussed, however is always a consideration until otherwise indicated. Upon introduction, first impressions and the environment will set the tone for the assessment and determine the information given by the client (Health Service, 2013). It is imperative to remain aware of cultural diversities and vulnerabilities during this process to ensure apposite assessments, screening and interventions are implemented. For example, due to the overwhelming higher rates of STI’s and BBV’s in comparison to the rest of the populace, sexual health remains a priority issue for Aboriginal communities (Bowring, Vella, Degenhardt, Hellard, Lim, 2014; Kang, Skinner, Usherwood, 2010; Research, 2007; Thompson, Greville, Param, 2008). As sexual health issues are sensitive issues to discuss, the initial introduction will alert the clinician to any barriers that may exist, allowing exploration into the involvement of communities groups, family members and other stakeholders that are appropriate to the client’s cultural sensitivities. For example, female clients of particular cultural groups or sexual identity may require female only clinicians to conduct the assessment, the same can be applied to males if identified, sensitivity and objectivity is the key. Establishing a therapeutic rapport is essential in building a trusting relationship in which the client feels safe, acknowledged and validated. Further to this is the provision of a non-judgmental and supportive environment maintaining privacy and confidentiality (Wright, 2012). Entwining a mental health assessment ensures ongoing risk assessment, incorporating protective factors, screening for co-morbidities and appropriate interventions such as education, harm minimisation and therapies. Whilst acknowledging the expressed concerns as a priority, this also provides the individual with an opportunity to ventilate and disclose contributing factors, disruption to daily functioning, and verbalise the experienced emotional dysregulation (French, 2010). Unfortunately this process may not proceed as planned if the appropriate screening questions are not asked. It can be seen that some clinicians find it difficult to approach the subject of sexual health. Ambivalence towards the subject occurs, resulting in avoidance of the topic and sexual health concerns being less prioritised (Quinn, Happell, Welch, 2013). Regrettably, this approach is likely to result in further deterioration of the client’s mental health with continuation of risk taking behaviours. Ultimately it is essential to identify the impending emotional crisis so timely and appropriate interventions can be implemented(Dykeman, 2005). With ‘Chris’ presenting and requesting a check-up, this demonstrates a level of insight into the negative impact the occurrence has instigated. ‘Chris’ is of an age group that is well documented as high risk relating to alcohol, illicit substance use and sexual risk taking behaviour (Aicken, Nardone, Merce, 2010; Bowring et al., 2014; Searle, 2009; WHO, 2005). Among Australia’s population, the most commonly reported STI is genital chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis), with numbers increasing annually for those aged between 15-29 years (Kang et al., 2010). In addition to chlamydia, HIV, gonorrhoea, and syphilis are also higher within the indigenous population(Thompson et al., 2008). The research further identifies potential vulnerability and increased risk-taking sexual behaviour of young adults in Australia in particular lesbian, gay, bisexual and those questioning their sexual orientation (Bowring et al., 2014). Screening tools and clinical management guidelines are commonly utilised to assist with identifying risk and determining examinations and investigations necessary for detection of STIs, BBVs and other sexual health issues including sexual assault(Health Service, 2013). In relation to the case scenario, regardless of sexual orientation, a full STI screen is recommended due to the unknown factors of the incident (Health, 2010; Health Service, 2013). Naturally this will depend on the individual and require education and positive reinforcement to be provided through each process as to ensure the decision is informed and awareness of potential results involved. Provision of pamphlets and contact numbers for crisis lines allow the person time to process the information given during the assessment. Within Queensland Health Guidelines, contact numbers are available throughout the state should a referral to a sexual health clinic for further follow up, or in the case of sexual assault, refe rral to sexual assault workers is appropriate(Health, 2010). Recommendations can be provided in the form of self-initiated referrals for identified priority groups, such as providing contact details for groups that offer support and further information. For example, web based contact groups such as Sexually Transmissible Infections in Gay Men Action Group (STIGMA), and Gay and Lesbian Welfare Association provide support, information education, and opportunities for phone counselling. It can be seen that the contributing factor of alcohol and/or other substances, reduces consideration of safe sexual practice, often leading to unprotected sex and the contracting of STD’s (Bellis et al., 2008). Moreover, the disinhibiting and cognitive altering actions of alcohol or substances can influence any sexual orientation, further contributing to potential adverse outcomes (Aicken et al., 2010; Bowring et al., 2014; Hughes, Szalacha, McNair, 2010). The implications of the linkage have, as studies have shown, to be a globally contributing factor and increasingly expressed concern from a public health perspective (WHO, 2005). This is an opportune time to screen for alcohol and substance use, utilising motivational interviewing, insight into current risk taking behaviours and readiness to change can be established (Lundahl, Kunz, Brownell, Tollefson, Burke, 2010). The objective is for the client to make a commitment to change, through their own decision making (Johnsto ne, Owens, Lawrie, McIntosh, Sharpe, 2010). Other interventions include harm minimisation and education regarding the effects of alcohol, with referral to Alcohol and Other Drugs (AOD) service, detox and rehabilitation services if requiring this level of service. Ensuring these procedures are appropriately explained to the client, expressing empathy and actively listening, will help to reduce anxieties the person may be experiencing. The positive effect brief interventions has on alcohol consumption and reducing the average intake has been well researched and documented(Kaner et al., 2009). Poor sexual and mental health impacts an individual’s sense of worth and wellbeing, which could ultimately result in feelings of isolation, persecution discrimination, and stigmatisation (Duncan, Hart, Scoular, Bigrigg, 2001). For example, within a close rural community, sexual preference outside the accepted community norm may possibly lead to these poor outcomes, essentially resulting in an enduring negative emotional impact (Lewis, Derlega, Clark, Kuang, 2006). Studies suggest the link between risky sexual health behaviour and mental health is associated with higher levels of anxiety, stress and depression(Searle, 2009). Searle (2009) further postulated difficulty in determining whether depression was a result of risky sex or risky sex was precipitated by a depressive episode. Neurovegetative symptoms described by ‘Chris’ such as disturbed sleep, increase of stream of thoughts needs to be explored further as to ascertain any underlying mental health issues(Kendrick Simon, 2008). Levels of stress, depressive features, suicidal ideations, formal thought disorders, brief screening for mood disorders or psychotic episodes are all incorporated within the mental health assessment and captured during a mental status examination(Health Service, 2013). Utilising an intervention such as brief solution focussed therapy, helps to empower the client to make decisions that are future focussed based on their strengths (Evans Evans, 2013). Instilling hope and building of resilience is essential to the clients recovery journey (Elder, Evans, Nizette, 2012; Evans Evans, 2013). Just as important is the support and follow up to ensure monitoring risk of relapse. Apart from family and friends, other resources are available to provide support. Mental Health Nurses employed at GP clinics are an option through the Mental Health Nurse Incentive Program (MHNIP). This resource has been successful in reducing admissions, providing short term case management with the provision of interventions such as psychoeducation, counselling, psychotherapies, medication adherence, metabolic monitoring, and general support(Happell, Platania-Phung, Scott, 2013). Referral to GP’s for continuity of care and a Mental Health Care Plan (MHCP) is another option available. MHCP is a plan that is completed by the GP with the client in which issues are identified and referred for psychological and/or psychiatric management. Web based programs are also available such as Teleweb, Headspace, Lifeline, to name a few. There is always the possibility of a client expressing suicidal intent, in which, if meets the criteria under the Mental Health Act, may require detainment and transfer to a mental health unit In conclusion, every person that presents for a health assessment requires a holistic approach in order to capture the issues and appropriately deal with them. Interventions will need to cover a variety of issues that may arise. The perceived stigma of STI’s, concerns regarding future reproductive health, psychosocial impact of diagnosis, distress and possibility of developing an enduring mental health issue, are all issues that need to be addressed throughout the assessment. References Aicken, C. R. H., Nardone, A., Merce, C. H. (2010). Alcohol misuse, sexual risk behaviour and adverse sexual health outcomes: evidence from Britain’s national probability sexual behaviour survey. Journal of Public Health, 33(2), 262–271. Bellis, M. A., Hughes, K., Calafat, A., Juan, M., Ramon, A., Rodriguez, J. A., . . . Phillips-Howard, P. (2008). Sexual uses of alcohol and drugs and the associated risks: A cross sectional study of young people in nine European cities. Public Health, 8, 155-166. Bowring, A. L., Vella, A. M., Degenhardt, L., Hellard, M., Lim, M. S. C. (2014). Sexual identity, same-sex partners and risk behaviour among a community-based sample of young people in Australia. International Journal of Drug Policy(0). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.07.015 Duncan, B., Hart, G., Scoular, A., Bigrigg, A. (2001). Qualitative analysis of psychosocial impact of diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis: Implications for screening. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 322(7280), 195-199. Dykeman, B. F. (2005). Cultural Implications of Crisis Intervention. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 32(1), 45-48. Elder, R., Evans, K., Nizette, D. (2012). Psychiatric and mental health nursing (3rd edition. ed.). Chatswood NSW: Elsevier Australia. Evans, N., Evans, A.-M. (2013). Solution-focused approach therapy for mental health nursing students. British Journal of Nursing, 22(21), 1222-1226. French, K. (2010). How to improve your sexual health history-taking skills. Practice Nurse, 40(2), 27-30. Happell, B., Platania-Phung, C., Scott, D. (2013). Mental Health Nurse Incentive Program: Facilitating physical health care for people with mental illness? Int J Ment Health Nurs, 22, 399-408. Health, Q. (2010). Queensland Sexual Health Clinical Management Guidelines Emergency Presentation (pp. 1-18). Queensland: Queensland Government. Health, Q., Service, R. F. D. (2013). Primary Clinical Care Manual (8 ed.). Cairns: The State of Queensland. Hughes, T., Szalacha, L. A., McNair, R. (2010). Substance abuse and mental health disparities: Comparisons across sexual identity groups in a national sample of young Australian women. Social Science Medicine, 71(4), 824-831. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.05.009 Johnstone, E. C., Owens, D. C., Lawrie, S. M., McIntosh, A. M., Sharpe, M. (Eds.). (2010). Companion to Psychiatric Studies (8 ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Kaner, E. F. S., Dickinson, H. O., Beyer, F., Pienaar, E., Schlesinger, C., Campbell, F., . . . Heather, N. (2009). The effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care settings: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Review, 28(3), 301-323. Kang, M., Skinner, R., Usherwood, T. (2010). Interventions for young people in Australia to reduce HIV and sexually transmissible infections: a systematic review. Sexual Health, 7(2), 107-128. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/SH09079 Kendrick, T., Simon, C. (2008). Adult Mental Health Assessment. InnovAiT: The RCGP Journal for Associates in Training, 1(3), 180-186. doi: 10.1093/innovait/inn013 Lewis, R., Derlega, V., Clark, E., Kuang, J. (2006). Stigma Consciousness, Social Constraints and Lesbian Well-Being. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 53(1), 48-56. Lundahl, B., Kunz, C., Brownell, C., Tollefson, D., Burke, B. L. (2010). A meta-analysis of motivational interviewing: Twenty five years of empirical studies. Research on Social Work Practice, 20(2), 137-160. Quinn, C., Happell, B., Welch, A. (2013). The 5-As Framework for Including Sexual Concerns in Mental Health Nursing Practice. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 34, 17-24. Research, N. C. i. H. E. a. C. (2007). Bloodborne viral and sexually transmitted infections in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: Surveillance Report 2007. Sydney: Commonwealth of Australia. Searle, N. (2009). Sexual Behaviour and its Mental Health Consequences. (M.Sc. Project), Swansea University, Britain. Thompson, S. C., Greville, H. S., Param, R. (2008). Beyond policy and planning to practice: getting sexual health on the agenda in Aboriginal communities in Western Australia, Editorial. Australia New Zealand Health Policy (ANZHP), pp. 1-8. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.usq.edu.au/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=35637237site=ehost-live WHO. (2005). Alcohol Use and Sexual Risk Behaviour: A Cross-Cultural Study in Eight Countries. Geneva. Wright, G. (2012). Sexual health This practice profile is based on NS622 McDougall T (2011) Mental health problems in childhood and adolescence. Nursing Standard. 26, 14, 48-56. Nursing Standard, 26(44), 59-59. ANP5004 Emergency Mental Health and Reproductive Health Care

Ethiopia Essay -- Economy Geography Ethiopia Essays

Ethiopia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It stands as one of the oldest nations of the world, dating back to 1000 BC when the Queen of Sheba visited King Solomon. Ethiopia was a nation with promise, a nation with riches and the greatest Ivory market as far as the eye can see. So one would assume that Ethiopia is the place to live. Well if you have been to Ethiopia you would see this is not the case. Ethiopia is a povershed country where people are fighting to live everyday. There economy is nearly in ruins and there main export, is almost stolen from them. But the promise that Ethiopia had when the Queen of Sheba visited King Solomon is still there. But in order to restore Ethiopia to its previous glory, we need your help. We need that $50 million to give life back to the Ethiopian people. General Facts Official Name: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Capital City: Addis Ababa Independence Day: September 12 Total Area: 1,127,127 km^2 Land Area: 1,119,683 km^2 Water Area: 7,444 km^2 Population: 72,400,000 Languages: Amharic, Tigrinya, Oromigna, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic, other local languages, English (major foreign language taught in schools) Religion: Muslim 45%-50%, Ethiopian Orthodox 35%-40%, Animist 12%, Other 3%-8% Life Expectancy: 37 Currency: Birr (As of January 26, 2005, 1 birr = 0.14783 CAN, 1 CAN =6.764 birr) GDP: 700 (per capita) Labour Force by Occupation: agriculture and animal husbandry 80%; government and services 12%; industry and construction 8% Industries: food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metals processing, cement Imports: coffee, qat, gold, leather products, live animals, oilseeds (Continued) Exports: food and live animals, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, machinery, motor vehicles, cereals, textiles Problems Today Ethiopia has a very bad basic health status compared to other countries with a low income. The health service coverage is 50.4%. Almost one out of every ten babies who are born in Ethiopia dies in their first year. Mortality rate for those under five is also high; statistics show that one out of every six children dies before they turn five. Malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and HIV/AIDS dominate Ethiopia's problem of disease. Diseases such as meningitis, malaria, cholera, measles, and shigellosis have become epidemic. Economic Problems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There ... ...g $300,000 dollars, we need to send peacemakers to Ethiopia and settle the dispute over the Eritrea territory. There is so much money wasted by the Ethiopian government towards the military that could be used to help the Ethiopian people. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As you may now realize, Ethiopia is almost a country in ruins. It is plagued with disease and war. No matter what the government does it still seems to get worse and the government still seems to be in billions of dollars in debt. But if you accept my proposal, you will see Ethiopia get back to its former economic glory. Once again, it will produce riches; the people of Ethiopia will get cleaner water and a job. Not a job on there farm where crops are ruined, but a job in industry. They will be trained. They will come out of debt. And in time, all the money that is owed to Canada will be repaid. This isn’t just a plan to help a country for a few months. This is a revolution. This plan will pave the way for all third world countries to come out of debt and give back to their people, what the people gave to there country. Countries will give life back to the people. So accept our proposal, it will help everyone in need. Ethiopia Essay -- Economy Geography Ethiopia Essays Ethiopia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It stands as one of the oldest nations of the world, dating back to 1000 BC when the Queen of Sheba visited King Solomon. Ethiopia was a nation with promise, a nation with riches and the greatest Ivory market as far as the eye can see. So one would assume that Ethiopia is the place to live. Well if you have been to Ethiopia you would see this is not the case. Ethiopia is a povershed country where people are fighting to live everyday. There economy is nearly in ruins and there main export, is almost stolen from them. But the promise that Ethiopia had when the Queen of Sheba visited King Solomon is still there. But in order to restore Ethiopia to its previous glory, we need your help. We need that $50 million to give life back to the Ethiopian people. General Facts Official Name: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Capital City: Addis Ababa Independence Day: September 12 Total Area: 1,127,127 km^2 Land Area: 1,119,683 km^2 Water Area: 7,444 km^2 Population: 72,400,000 Languages: Amharic, Tigrinya, Oromigna, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic, other local languages, English (major foreign language taught in schools) Religion: Muslim 45%-50%, Ethiopian Orthodox 35%-40%, Animist 12%, Other 3%-8% Life Expectancy: 37 Currency: Birr (As of January 26, 2005, 1 birr = 0.14783 CAN, 1 CAN =6.764 birr) GDP: 700 (per capita) Labour Force by Occupation: agriculture and animal husbandry 80%; government and services 12%; industry and construction 8% Industries: food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metals processing, cement Imports: coffee, qat, gold, leather products, live animals, oilseeds (Continued) Exports: food and live animals, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, machinery, motor vehicles, cereals, textiles Problems Today Ethiopia has a very bad basic health status compared to other countries with a low income. The health service coverage is 50.4%. Almost one out of every ten babies who are born in Ethiopia dies in their first year. Mortality rate for those under five is also high; statistics show that one out of every six children dies before they turn five. Malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and HIV/AIDS dominate Ethiopia's problem of disease. Diseases such as meningitis, malaria, cholera, measles, and shigellosis have become epidemic. Economic Problems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There ... ...g $300,000 dollars, we need to send peacemakers to Ethiopia and settle the dispute over the Eritrea territory. There is so much money wasted by the Ethiopian government towards the military that could be used to help the Ethiopian people. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As you may now realize, Ethiopia is almost a country in ruins. It is plagued with disease and war. No matter what the government does it still seems to get worse and the government still seems to be in billions of dollars in debt. But if you accept my proposal, you will see Ethiopia get back to its former economic glory. Once again, it will produce riches; the people of Ethiopia will get cleaner water and a job. Not a job on there farm where crops are ruined, but a job in industry. They will be trained. They will come out of debt. And in time, all the money that is owed to Canada will be repaid. This isn’t just a plan to help a country for a few months. This is a revolution. This plan will pave the way for all third world countries to come out of debt and give back to their people, what the people gave to there country. Countries will give life back to the people. So accept our proposal, it will help everyone in need.

A Clean, Well-Lighted Place Essay -- Literary Analysis

Ernest Hemingway developed his own style of writing and follows it in â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place†. Hemingway’s elegance in writing is such that he indirectly gives all of the information to the reader without making any judgment; thus allowing one to create an opinion about every minute detail of the story. Hemingway illustrates his foundations of writing in â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† by providing small clues that provide an indirect view of the larger meaning. Hemingway illustrates one of his elements of writing, omission, by providing two waiters and their exchange of speech and actions with each other and their customer, the old man. By doing so, he provides all of the information for readers to create an assumption about the individual’s traits; the saintly and even wicked. In the story we are given a scene with the old drunken man and the younger waiter. The old man asks for another brandy while pointing to his empty glass. The younger of the two waiters brashly began his dialogue with â€Å"Finished,† he said, speaking with that omission of syntax stupid people employ when talking to drunken people or foreigners. â€Å"No more tonight. Close now.† â€Å"Another,† said the old man. â€Å"No. Finished.† The waiter wiped the edge of the table with a towel and shook his head. The old man stands to leave, counts his tab, pays for his brandy, even leaves a tip for the waiters, and then begins to walk awa y with dignity even for his drunken stupor. (153-154) In this passage the reader is provided with several concepts that help to create the depictions of the old man and the younger waiter. Foremost, the reader is struck with the incivility of the old man; but, before he leaves the cafà © one is forced to become a sympathizer for the fact that ... ...ith him, probably would drink all night with him too. This is very typical of Hemingway in the fact that he cannot help but to create a story where the reader must not only have background knowledge; but also, be completely immersed into the story and become an omnipotent reader. With all of Hemingway’s elements of writing these are the most becoming of his typical writing style. They create a very broad sense for the reader and make it very imperative for one to become a central part of the story. Though he is a very exemplary writer Hemingway employs very artistic and almost novel forms of writing to his works of literature. Works Cited Cover Page Hemingway, Ernest. â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place†. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Eds. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 11th ed. New York: Longman. 2010 152-155. Print.

Uses and abuse of drugs

â€Å"Last year alone, 37,000 people died from drug related overdoses.† Many people do not understand why or how other people become addicted to drugs. Substance abuse is a growing problem that not only affects the person who is abusing alcohol or drugs but also affects the lives of those who are close to the abuser. Substance abuse is the abuse of any substance.A drug is a substance that modifies one or more of the body’s functions when it is consumed. It is often mistakenly assumed that drug abusers lack moral principles or willpower and that they could stop using drugs simply by choosing to change their behavior. In reality, drug addiction is a disease and quitting takes a lot more than just changing your behavior. Drug Abuse is generally defined as the use of a drug with such frequency that the user has a physical or mental harm or it impairs social abilities. The substances that are discussed in this report are called psychoactive drugs; those drugs that influence or alter the workings of the mind, affect moods, emotions, feelings, and thinking processes.Substances drugs affect the brain, heart, liver, lungs and also the people around you. When drugs get into the bloodstream they are carried to all parts of the body and some reach the brain. In fact, drugs change the brain in ways that foster compulsive drug abuse, quitting is more difficult than it appears. The quicker the drug reaches the brain, the more intense the effects. The quickest way to get a drug into the brain, and also the most dangerous way of using any drug is to injecting into the vein. Injecting into the vein is almost as quick as smoking a drug, followed by sniffing or snorting and then by mouth. Eating or drinking a drug is the slowest route, because the drug has to pass through the stomach first.Drugs are generally categorized into two groups, stimulants and depressants. Stimulants are drugs that speed up signals through the nervous system. They produce alertness, arousal and excitability. They also inhibit fatigue and sleep. Everything from over-the-counter pain medication, prescriptions drugs such as, Oxycontin, alcohol, cocaine, heroin, and even coffee can abused in one way or another. The two main substances being abused in our nation are nicotine and alcohol.How does nicotine addiction work? Basically, when you smoke your first cigarettes, when you aren’t addicted yet, you get a head-rush which is caused by the nicotine. In your brain there are nicotine receptors which aren’t used to the nicotine in a cigarette. Over time, the nicotine  receptors get used to the amount of nicotine so they can cope with the nicotine. So when this nicotine stops being given to the receptors (when you give up smoking) they panic and cause you to feel unhappy and angry. When you smoke, the nicotine receptors send out messages to other parts of the brain which release a drug called dopamine which makes you feel happy, satisfied, relaxed.When you try t o quit, or when you ‘fancy a cigarette’ your dopamine levels are going down and you start to feel unhappy, aggressive, unsatisfied. Most smokers don’t know that they are addicted to nicotine until they try to stop smoking completely they just think that they like smoking. The answer to your question is that you will have a moderate nicotine addiction, and quitting won’t be that hard. The signs of a severe nicotine addiction are needing to smoke a cigarette every 2 hours, having one as soon as you wake in the morning (or in even more extreme cases, waking up to smoke in the middle of the night).Nicotine increases the levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain, activating the pleasure pathways in the same way other addictive drugs do. After the effects (calmness, sense of well-being) disappear, the smoker craves more. Why is alcohol addictive? Basically because alcohol, like nicotine and heroin and other substances stimulates the reward response in your brain. You have a drink, the brain rewards itself with a surge of chemicals and hormones that it really likes, and therefore the more you stimulate it, the more it wants.Some people are more susceptible than others in that their reward responses are stronger which is why some people will get addicted to things more easily than other people will. If you add to that a troubled background of some sort, then when the brain offers its reward response though making that person feels calmer and happier or more in control, they are more likely than someone who is pretty happy.Alcohol is made of ethanol, it is a depressant, your body becomes addictive to the depressant effects and you eventually need it to stop the shakes (delirium tremors) and the withdrawals of the depressant effects on the brain and body. For example, caffeine is a stimulant, and people become addicted to that and when having caffeine withdrawals one has headaches and other neurological effects. However, alcohol is a lot more dangerous because if you are a hardcore not only can you die from drinking, if you stop cold turkey you can have convulsions and die from withdrawals. The â€Å"addictive substance† is  ethanol.When you are pregnant, it is important that you watch what you put into your body. Consumption of illegal drugs is not safe for the unborn baby or for the mother. Studies have shown that consumption of illegal drugs during pregnancy can result in miscarriage, low birth weight, premature labor, placental abruption, fetal death, and even maternal death. If its suspected that woman whose pregnant is using drugs they will test the baby to see if its born addicted, yes it is possible to see if the baby is addicted even before he/she is born.

Describe The World Economies In The Past 30 Years

Q1: Describe the shifts in the world economy over the last 30 years. What are the implications of these shifts for international businesses based in Britain, North America, and Hong Kong? Over the last 30 years the integration of global markets along with the accessibility of international products and services has grown exponentially. The overall affect of this globalization has yet to be realized, but in the short term for the middle and lower class echelon of thee fore mentioned economies, globalization has been devastating.In the first few pages of Chapter 1 â€Å"International Business (Competing in the Global Marketplace)† an example is given referencing the necessity for international healthcare due to the rising cost and inaccessibility to quality healthcare in the United States. The most interesting part of this example to me was the following statement. â€Å"Some insurance companies are starting to experiment with payment for foreign treatment at internationally ac credited hospitals†.(Hill, 2011) Initially I found this statement comforting in the fact that insurance companies were thinking outside of a microeconomic healthcare model in order to better serve the people that they insure. On a larger scale this statement is disconcerting. It is disconcerting in the fact that everything associated in our healthcare system from equipment supply to the education and utilization of our medical professionals is either being mismanaged or financial gouged by government and the private market. As a result of the gauging, like any other business cheaper goods and services are being sought out elsewhere.It is astounding that it is cheaper to fly to another country and have a major surgical procedure performed at a quarter of the cost then it would be if performed in the United States. â€Å"Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. † (Hill, 2011) My concern is what does an interdependent wor ld economy mean for the micro economies of each participating nation. Larger corporations clearly have an advantage and need for globalization from a profitable standpoint, but it is not justcorporations who have something to loose or gain from globalization. The Globalization of markets from a trade perspective is great thing for consumers. The globalization of production is a bad thing for most major industrialized nations. By globalizing markets and trade people are allowed to experience and purchase a multitude of goods and services that would otherwise be unknown on an international scale. Globalization also allows companies to tap into foreign markets a lot easier. At the same time, globalization of production hurts each countries job market in some form.For example outsourcing-manufacturing production from the United States to countries that have a cheap labor force and fewer restrictions hurts the American workforce. In contrast countries that allow an influx of manufacturin g from foreign countries become dependent upon those companies much like a drug user becomes dependent on a drug. When those companies leave for whatever reason the aftermath can be disastrous. A good example of this is the Malaysian market. â€Å"Manufacturing industry is an important engine of economic growth for the Malaysian economy. In 1987, it contributed 19. 8% of the gross domestic product (GDP).That contribution increased to 24. 6% in 1990 and 44. 8% per cent in 2001. † (Tsen, 2005) Since foreign product manufacturing became such a huge part of Malaysia’s GDP they are subjugated to the changes in the micro economies in which the manufacturing corporations are dependent upon for sales. Most of the companies that the Malaysian manufacturing job market were subject to the micro economy of the United States of America. In 2008 a global financial crisis began to take shape and as a result the American consumer market infrastructure began too fail. As a result of th ese failing the Malaysian manufacturing market started to dissipate.This dissipation is reflected in the importation and exportation of goods from Malaysia. The ADBI Institute stated in a working paper by Shankaran Nambiar â€Å"Malaysia and the Global Crisis: Impact, Response, and Rebalancing Strategies†. â€Å"Two economic indicators that show the impact of the current crisis are exports and the industrial production index. Export figures, which were doing well in the first three quarters of 2008, took a downturn towards the end of that year (Figure 3). In January 2008, exports increased by 10. 4% (year-on-year), and more–or-less doubled to 20. 9% in April 2008.However, in October 2008, a negative figure was reported (-2. 6%), only to decline more deeply as the months progressed. In December 2008 a decline was registered (-14. 9%), which worsened in January 2009 (-27. 8%). Imports, which tend to follow export trends rather closely in Malaysia, reported a similar pat tern. Imports increased by about 11% (year-on-year) in February 2008 and exceeded 10% in the months of June and July 2008 (12. 5% and 15. 0%, respectively).Again, the change in imports fell into negative territory from October 2008, falling from -5. 3% in that month to -23.1% in December 2008 and dropping to -32. 0% in January 2009. † (Nambiar, 2009) This huge drop in GDP production was a direct result of the Malaysian economy being a slave to the foreign marketplace, particularly the United States. The financial crisis of 2007 and 2008 directly rivaled the Great Depression of the 1930’s, even more so because it became a Global Financial Crises. It was just not the United States. It was Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Greece, and Japan. All of these countries are tied together economically and therefore are subject to the validity of the consumer marketplace micro and macro economically.Britain, North America, and Hong Kong are tied together economically because of Globa lization each other economy are become more dependent on one another. If one economy begins to falter for whatever reason, the effects are felt globally. Globalization brings along a new level of responsibility and morality, a level that must transcend ethnic, religious, and cultural barriers and focus solely on the stability of their micro economies, with an emphasis on macro economical growth. Globalization is a balancing act that governments and corporations must manage responsibly or financial disaster will most likely ensue.

Past experience to people Essay

Experience, which is the best teacher in our life to leading our behaviors and changing our mind. Culture, which is also the root for individuals values.Both of them give us lots of influence and changing our life all the times.It is hard to say which changes us the most on such a controversial question.Just like experiences lead us what to think and cultures provide us how we think. They are individually and connecting with each other.Despite our past experiences affecting the way we see the world uniquely, it is more often based on our individual cultural background. Overview Firstly, this essay will discuss the general influence to individuals of past experience Past Experience is a component which helps people gaining experience on every parts during our daily life.In the recreation activity,there is a relation between the preferences and past experience.The experienced level which has a great influence to make the choice.So that unexperienced people who do not know how to choose the suitable for entertainment and their decision will be different and wide.Experienced customers who have more specific need and their decision will be similar which is the most suitable in their past experience. Thus, more experienced people are, more specificity their entertainment chosen will be. For example,high experienced individuals in desert and mountain who has more specificity selection of the site decision than these no experienced individuals. Schreyer(1982) reported that river runners with higher experience levels stated the desired outcomes of their trips more specifically. (Watson et al., 1991) Some studies also shows that psat experience is related with site choice.They found that some more hard but no limited routed were chosen by managed users.The reason is that their experience proved them confidence and easy way to face this area.Past experience not only shown the choice detail for individuals bus also gain the knowledge about arranging their activities. In conclusion, experienced individuals whose choice specificity is stronger ,differentiation on different kinds of situation dimension is higher.The general influence of past experience is also shown in study work and all parts of our  life.Although the exciting and looking forward level is also reduced comparing with the first try.More experience brings us an efficient and suitable daily arrangement. Which is different from the influence of experience, culture is the basic background for individuals to think and control their way to solve the problems. Culture is how individuals life being, its is one of the most basic thing about human beliefï ¼Å'idea and values. Culture is different between different area, its the most important thing to effect our daily life.During the generations, humans communicate entertainment and lifestyle is always changing by the developed technology.But as the root of a nationality, culture always do not change.There is no doubt that everything I’ve talked about, thought with, every decision, belief which is closely related by my own culture. It is also important to be able to recognize and respect other cultures, and not believe one’s own culture is more valuable or superior than the rest. Sometimes issues of racism occur when people are unable to connect culturally with others. Being tolerant and understanding what other cultures value is the key for successful acceptance of one another.